|
From 1946 through 1993, thirteen countries (fourteen, if the USSR and Russia are considered separately) used ocean disposal or ocean dumping as a method to dispose of nuclear/radioactive waste. The waste materials included both liquids and solids housed in various containers, as well as reactor vessels, with and without spent or damaged nuclear fuel.〔IAEA (TECDOC-1105 “Inventory of radioactive waste disposals at sea” August 1999 ) retrieved 2011-12-4〕 Since 1993, ocean disposal has been banned by international treaties. (London Convention (1972), Basel Convention, MARPOL 73/78) However, according to the United Nations, some companies have been dumping radioactive waste and other hazardous materials into the coastal waters of Somalia, taking advantage of the fact that the country had no functioning government from the early 1990s onwards. According to one official at the United Nations, this caused health problems for locals in the coastal region and posed a significant danger to Somalia's fishing industry and local marine life.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC NEWS - Africa - Waves 'brought waste to Somalia' )〕 "Ocean floor disposal" (or sub-seabed disposal)—a more deliberate method of delivering radioactive waste to the ocean floor and depositing it into the seabed—was studied by the UK and Sweden, but never implemented.〔World Nuclear Association (“Storage and Disposal Options” ) retrieved 2011-11-14〕 == History == Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105.〔 page 3-4 * 1946 First dumping operation at Northeast Pacific Ocean (about 80 km off the coast of California) * 1957 First IAEA Advisory Group Meeting on Radioactive Waste Disposal into the Sea * 1958 First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I) * 1972 Adoption of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention 1972) * 1975 The London Convention 1972 entered into force (Prohibition of dumping of high level radioactive waste.) * 1983 Moratorium on low-level waste dumping * 1988 Assessing the Impact of Deep Sea Disposal of Low-level Radioactive Waste on Living Marine Resources. IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 288 * 1990 Estimation of Radiation Risks at Low Dose. IAEA-TECDOC-557 * 1993 Russia reported the dumping of high level nuclear waste including spent fuel by former USSR. * 1994 Feb-20 Total prohibition of disposal at sea came into force 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ocean disposal of radioactive waste」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|